Course : Universality and Cosmopolitanism vs. Locality
LEPE2 - Miltiadis Vantsos, Kaveh Dastooreh, Sucharita Sen, Kostas Koukouzelis
Course Description
The ethical principles and behaviors of individuals and societies are primarily shaped by the influence of religious beliefs, philosophical perspectives, cultural traditions, historical experiences, and social needs. Some of these factors have a universal or widely accepted character, as they are based on common religious tenets, such as respect for fellow human beings and the prohibition of murder, and on universally recognized values, such as fundamental human rights, while others have primarily local characteristics, as they are associated with local cultural traditions and social needs. This course explores the concepts of globality and locality both in terms of shaping ethical principles and behaviors and in terms of the possibilities or difficulties they create in fostering collaboration and peaceful coexistence among individuals and societies.
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Course Syllabus
Course Objectives/Goals
Instructional Methods
This course employs a dynamic blend of instructional methods to ensure a comprehensive learning experience. With a focus on engagement and flexibility, the instructional approach comprises 75% face-to-face teaching, fostering direct interaction between instructors and students in a traditional classroom setting. Additionally, 25% of the course involves distant teaching, which can be delivered either synchronously or asynchronously. This remote component allows students to access course materials, participate in discussions, and engage with learning activities at their own pace, leveraging online platforms and resources. By combining face-to-face interaction with remote learning opportunities, the course aims to cater to diverse learning styles and preferences, facilitating deeper understanding and collaboration among students while accommodating individual schedules and needs.
Assessment Methods
- 30%: Participation
- 70%: Written assignment
Prerequisites/Prior Knowledge
This module has no prerequisites in the curriculum or prior knowledge requirements.
Instructors
Miltiadis Vantsos was born in Istanbul and studied theology at the Faculty of Theology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, where he obtained his Postgraduate (Master’s Degree) and his Doctorate Diploma (PhD) in Christian Ethics. He has worked as a Scientific Collaborator and Scientific Assistant at the Chair of Systematic Theology of the Department of Orthodox Theology at the University of Munich, where he taught courses in Christian Ethics. He is Professor of Christian Ethics and Bioethics at the Faculty of Theology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He has also been a visiting professor at the Universities of Munich and Basel. His research interests focus on bioethics, environmental ethics, and social ethics. He has written the following books: Ethical Consideration of Abortion (in Greek), Thessaloniki 2009, p. 280; The Sanctity of Human Life. Presentation and Evaluation of the Teaching of the Roman Catholic Church on Bioethics from the Point of View of Orthodox Ethics (in Greek), Thessaloniki 2010, p. 452; Living Organ and Tissue Transplantation: the Medical and Ethical View (in Greek, in collaboration with Dr. Emmanuel Nikolousis), Thessaloniki 2016, p. 280; The Scientifically Feasible and the Ethically Correct. Views of Orthodox Bioethics (in Greek), Thessaloniki 2016, p. 290; The Commercialisation of the Human Body. An Ethical Approach to Slavery and Prostitution, (in Greek), Thessaloniki 2019; Surrogate Motherhood. The moral reflection on the mother, the child, and the family. Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Workshop in memory of Prof. Christos Vantsos (in Greek), Cosmos: Annals 1, Thessaloniki 2020 (edited in collaboration with D. Kaklamanos and E. Pepes). He is a member of the Bioethics Committee of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and of the Greek Unit of the UNESCO Chair in Bioethics. He has participated in several conferences in Greece and abroad and has published more than fifty articles in Greek and international scientific journals.
E-mail: mvantsos@past.auth.gr ♦ ORCID iD: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1630-5071
Kaveh Dastooreh is an Assistant Professor at the University of Sulemani in Kurdistan, Iraq. He holds a PhD in social theory at Université Paris 5, René Descartes – Sorbonne. He is a member at the AISLF (Association international des sociologies de langue française), member of the scientific committee of GT 18 (Devenir et être sociologue – being and becoming sociologist). At a personal level, he is working on a project entitled “The history of the culture of the self.” The starting point of this investigation begins by assuming that the “culture of self” is an indispensable part of the modern subject and the development of European modernity. This culture turns around “ethics,” “the art of existence,” “aestheticisation of oneself,” “self-evaluation,” and any sort of “relationships to oneself.” It is therefore necessary to conduct critical research to show the growing place of morality, including then, “the place” of codes, laws, norms, and what we can bring together under the name of the culture of “right” in Kurdistan as well as in Middle Eastern countries.
E-mail: kaveh.husain@univsul.edu.iq ♦ ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-4748
Sucharita Sen is an Associate Professor at the Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities, O. P. Jindal Global University, India, where she teaches political science and South Asian history. She received an MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies from the University of Cambridge in July 2013. Her dissertation was on Nehru’s views on religion and morality expressed through his writings, socio-political engagements and policy formulations. In 2012 she completed her M.A. in International Relations from Jadavpur University, Calcutta. She received her B.A. (Honours) degree in Political Science from Presidency College, Calcutta in 2010. She completed her PhD. research at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi in 2020. Her thesis was aimed at exploring alternative narratives of the Bengal partition (1947), particularly through the United Bengal Movement. Her first book, entitled Theorising a Bengali Nation: Abul Hashim and the United Bengal Movement 1937-47, was published by Routledge, UK in June 2024. The book builds on some of her doctoral findings and contributes to larger theoretical discourses on nationalism. Her areas of interest are the study of community-based demands, identity politics, transnational border studies, and nationalism studies.
E-mail: suchasen@gmail.com ♦ ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6589-1215
Kostas Koukouzelis has studied law at the University of Athens and holds a PhD in philosophy from the University of London. He is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Crete. He also serves as the Director of the Centre for Bioethics, University of Crete and the Joint Postgraduate Program in Bioethics, University of Crete and University of Athens. He was a member of the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Trials from 2010 to 2023. His research interests lie in political philosophy and philosophy of law, global justice, especially human rights, and migration, Kant, and bioethics, with a special focus on environmental sustainability, climate change, and intergenerational justice. Some of his publications have appeared in Ethics, Politics and Society: A Journal in Moral and Political Philosophy, Globalizations, Journal of Global Ethics, Philosophy & Social Criticism, Synthesis Philosophica, Public Reason: A Journal of Political & Moral Philosophy, Politics in Central Europe, and Theory, Culture & Society. His latest book is published under the title War and Peace: Classical Thinkers from Thucydides to J.S. Mill, Kallipos Open Academic Publications, 2024.
E-mail: koukouze@uoc.gr ♦ ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1904-9975
Textbooks
To be added soon.
Bibliography
- Hugo Tristram Engelhardt (ed.), Global bioethics: the collapse of consensus, Salem, MA: M & M Scrivener Press, 2006.
- Manfred Steger, Globalization. A Very Short Introduction (5. edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020
- Peter Singer, Πρακτική Ηθική (Αθήνα-Λευκωσία: Broken Hill, 2022).
- Rachels James - Rachels Stuart (ed.), The Elements of Moral Philosophy (7. edition), New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
- Ricardo Rozzi u.a., (ed.), Earth Stewardship: Linking Ecology and Ethics in Theory and Practice, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
- Wanda Teays - John-Stewart Gordon - Alison Dundes Renteln (ed.), Global bioethics and human rights: contemporary issues, Lanham [u.a.]: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Unit overview
This module explores the theme of universalism vs localism through the notion of basic human rights. Drawing from the natural rights tradition, this module aims to examine the role of states vis a vis the individual who is seen ultimately, as a right bearing agent. If rights are seen as legitimate claims emerging from human needs, then can we argue that those needs are universal in nature? The objective is to arrive at a more nuanced understanding of the deeper and more complex relationship between the state and the ‘international community’ based on whether we can show that basic human needs are universal and not specific to certain social or cultural contexts. This module aims to inform students of certain key debates in natural law, the foundations of rights, and the idea of moral or ethical obligations that states have in fulfilling basic rights of its citizens.
Keywords
natural law; basic needs; distributive justice; positive and negative rights; universal human rights; positive and negative rights
Required readings
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McCarthy, Leo, Justice, the State and International Relations, Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1998, Chapter 5, pp 180-242.
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Nussbaum, Martha, Capabilities and Social Justice, International Studies Review, Summer 2002, Volume 4., No. 2, International Relations and the New Inequality, pp. 123-135.
Complementary readings
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Clapham, Andrew, Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, December 2015
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Unit overview
This module examines the intersection between the construction of distinct cultural identities and the demands of national unity and cohesion. This is true particularly for ‘multination states’ and in democracies where sub-state nationalisms are encouraged as a way of providing scope for the cultivation of distinct cultural identities for groups. On the other hand, efforts are made to integrate these groups within the larger cultural framework of the nation. For citizenship programs to be most effective in diverse democracies, they ought to adhere to larger models of citizenship that adopt universal values of accommodation, integration and equality. The challenges of maintaining these core values in multination democracies come in the form of a national ‘us’ and the demand to prioritize regional or local identities. This module aims to uncover this tussle between universal conceptions of citizenship and the pressures of shaping citizenship based on distinct national identities.
Keywords
citizenship; sub-nationalism; multination states; cosmopolitanism; national integration; cultural identity; democracy
Required readings
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Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995
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Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship within Multination States, Sage Publications Ltd., September 2011, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 281-302
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Gagnon, Alain G. and Tully, James, (ed), Multinational Democracies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, Introduction and Chap. 11
Complementary readings
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Miller, David, Citizenship and National Identity, Polity Press, Cambridge, May 2000
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Unit overview
There is a long-standing debate in political philosophy on the universal nature of reason and whether one can argue for the existence of universal human nature based on such reason. Self-determination movements in various parts of the world that encountered colonialism, engaged with the way universal reason developed under the western worldview, challenging it as grounds for hegemonic frameworks for understanding human nature. This module explores some key challenges to ways of thinking about human nature and reason that emerged out of the enlightenment, offering alternative ways of thinking about human nature and individual liberty.
Keywords
Enlightenment; modernity; human nature; postcolonialism; morality; individual liberty
Required readings
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Said, Edward W., Orientalism, Vintage Books, random House, New York, 1979, Introduction and Chapter 1
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Gandhi, M.K., Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, Navajivan Publishihng House, Ahmedabad, 2008 edition
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Tagore, Rabindranath, Nationalism, Penguin Random House, 2017 Edition
Complementary readings
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Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present, Harvard University press, Harvard, June 1999
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Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.

Unit overview
The 'margin of appreciatiion' is a contested concept in human rights law. It is a judicial doctrine that allows national authorities a degree of flexibility and discretion when interpreting and applying human rights obligations at the local level. The concept has been introduced by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and has attracted criticisms for cultural relativism. First of all, we shall discuss in philosophical terms the potential conflict between human rights' universal validity and its criticism. Second, we shall explain the concept of the 'margin of appreciation' and its pros and cons regarding EU law. A contrast with UN Human Rights Committee's diverging approach will be finally presented briefly.
Keywords
ethics; morality; law; consequentialism; deontology; relativism; EU law; normative ethics
Required readings
- Nickel, James. "Human Rights." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2026 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=rights-human.
Complementary readings
- Griffin, James. 'The Relativity and Ethnocentricity of Human Rights." In R. Cruft, S.M. Liao, and M. Renzo (eds.), The Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, 555-569. Oxford University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.003.0008.
- Benvenisti, Eyal. "Margin of Appreciation, Consensus, and Universal Standards." New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 31 (1999): 843-854. https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nyuilp31&i=851.

Unit overview
Theoretical discussion on human rights and the 'margin of appreciation' will be followed here by a presentation of case law regarding religious symbols in public space in Europe and climate change litigation. The goal is to see how certain cases have been decided by the ECtHR, which tries to strike a balance between human rights and their application in different states. Finally, it will be argued that cosmopolitanism in its political and not just moral version is not just a term synonymous with universalism, but something richer and more substantive.
Keywords
ethics; morality; human rights, law, margin of appreciation, consequentialism; deontology; normative ethics
Required readings
- Nickel, James, and Adam Etinson. "Human Rights." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2026 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/rights-human.
Complementary readings
- Koukouzelis, Kostas. "Neutrality, Religious Symbols and the Question of a European Public Sphere." Politics in Central Europe 4, no. 2 (2018): 41-60.
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Koukouzelis, Kostas. "Climate Change Social Movements and Mosmopolitanism." Globalizations 14, no. 5 (2017): 746-761. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2016.1217621.