Course : Authority and Leadership from Thucydides to Adam Smith
LEPE1 - Despina Vertzagia, Georgios Steiris, Spiros Tegos
Course Description
The course will thoroughly explore the genealogy of the concept of political authority (auctoritas) from the works of Thucydides and its reception in classical Europe (primarily in the works of Hobbes) to the Scottish Enlightenment and the work of Adam Smith. At the same time, it will examine the currents of republicanism, natural law, and early liberalism during the classical period from Machiavelli and the Florentine political tradition to the theorists who emerged during the American Declaration of Independence (founding fathers) and the French Revolution regarding leadership issues, focusing on charismatic personalities on one hand, and emphasis on institutional balances on the other. Emphasis will be placed on the often overlooked genealogy of emotional investment in the authority of the institution and the persona of the leader (deference to authority) as a critical element of successful leadership.
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Course Syllabus
I. Ancient democracy and the authority of the leader
II. Authority of institutions and leaders in the constitutions according to Thucydides
III. Republicanism and the authority of the leader in Machiavelli
IV. The authority of aristocratic families within the regimes in Machiavelli
V. The authority of political organs and bodies in Machiavelli's Discourses
VI. Political religion and political charisma in the political tradition of Florence
VII. Authority of the assembly and democracy in James Harrington's work, Commonwealth of Oceana
VIII. Authority of the assembly and democracy in the work of John Adams
IX. Authority of the institutions of the Old Regime and the authority of the new republican institutions during the French Revolution.
X. Authority, power, and the common interest in political systems according to David Hume
XI. Authority, power, and the common interest in political systems according to Adam SmithCourse Objectives/Goals
The skills cultivated within the framework of the course are:
• Autonomy and teamwork,
• Work in an interdisciplinary environment,
• Respect for diversity and multiculturalism,
• Cultivation of critical thinking in leadership issues,
• Patient and thorough interpretation of original philosophical sources,
• Integration of philosophy with applied and/or social issues,
• Writing scientific texts,
• Practice of critical and self-criticism skills,
• Analysis and resolution of current leadership and delegation issues.Instructional Methods
This course employs a dynamic blend of instructional methods to ensure a comprehensive learning experience. With a focus on engagement and flexibility, the instructional approach comprises 75% face-to-face teaching, fostering direct interaction between instructors and students in a traditional classroom setting. Additionally, 25% of the course involves distant teaching, which can be delivered either synchronously or asynchronously. This remote component allows students to access course materials, participate in discussions, and engage with learning activities at their own pace, leveraging online platforms and resources. By combining face-to-face interaction with remote learning opportunities, the course aims to cater to diverse learning styles and preferences, facilitating deeper understanding and collaboration among students while accommodating individual schedules and needs.
Assessment Methods
- 20%: Participation
- 20%: Oral presentation
- 60%: Written assignment
Prerequisites/Prior Knowledge
This module has no prerequisites in the curriculum or prior knowledge requirements.
Instructors
Instructors for the course will be announced shortly.
Textbooks
To be added soon.
Bibliography
- Arena, Valentino, “The Roman Republic of Jean-Jacques Rousseau”, History of Political Thought, XXXVII, 2016.
- Balot, Ryan, A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought, (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
- Hammer, D. 2015 “Authoring within history: the legacy of Roman politics in Han-nah Arendt”, Classical Receptions Journal, 7, 1
- Hont, I. (2009) ‘Adam Smith’s history of law and government as political theory’, Essays for John Dunn, ed. R. Bourke and R. Geuss, Cambridge University Press
- Khalil (2005) “An anatomy of authority: Adam Smith as political theorist,” Cam-bridge Journal of Economics vol.29: n.1
- Kletzer, Cristopher, & Renzo, Massimo, “Authority and Legitimacy”, The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Law, John Tasioulas, (ed.) CUP, 2020
- Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Harvey Mansfield (ed.) University of Chicago Press, 1998
- Marshall, Catherine. Deference in a Democratic Age. British Politics and the Constitution from Eighteenth Century to the Brexit, Pangrave MacMillan, 2021
- Pocock, J.G.A. “The Classical theory of Deference”, The American Historical Re-view, Vol. 81, No. 3 (Jun., 1976), pp. 516-523
- Tegos, Spyridon, “Deference to Authority in Adam Smith”, The Adam Smith Re-view, 12, 2021
- Forbes, D. (1976) “ Sceptical whiggism, commerce and liberty”, in (ed.) A.S. Skin-ner, T. Wilson, Essays on Adam Smith, Oxford: 179-202
- Freud, S (1959) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego [1922] ed. J. Strachey, Norton.
- Raz, J. (1979), Authority of Law. Essays on Law and Morality, Oxford: Clarendon
- Sennet, Richard, Authority, W.W. Norton, New York- London, 1989
- The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians [Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought]. Edited by and translated by Jerem y Mynot, Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
- Xenophon, The Education of Cyrus, Cornell University Press, 2001
Unit overview
This introductory unit examines the conceptual foundations of political authority and leadership, focusing on the distinction between authority, power, coercion, persuasion, and domination. It addresses the fundamental question of what makes political authority legitimate and investigates the different grounds upon which individuals and institutions claim the right to rule and expect obedience.
Drawing upon Hannah Arendt's analysis of authority and Max Weber's typology of legitimate domination, the unit explores the relationship between political power, legitimacy, and the recognition of authority. Particular attention is devoted to the distinction between the formal possession of political power and the capacity to secure obedience without continuous reliance on coercion.
The discussion also introduces the Roman concepts of auctoritas, potestas, and imperium, highlighting the historical and conceptual differences between recognized political standing, legally constituted power, and the authority to command.
The unit further draws upon Leo Strauss's understanding of classical political philosophy, examining the relationship between political opinion, philosophical knowledge, and the question of the best political order. Strauss's account of the distinction between classical and modern political philosophy provides an interpretative framework for considering the transformation of political authority from antiquity to Hobbes.
A further dimension of the discussion concerns the relationship between political authority and the person who exercises it. Drawing upon Ernst H. Kantorowicz's The King's Two Bodies, the unit introduces the distinction between the ruler's natural body and political body, examining how political authority may acquire an institutional existence that transcends the physical life of an individual ruler. This distinction provides an opportunity to reflect upon the relationship between political office, personal authority, and institutional continuity.
By bringing these different approaches into dialogue, the unit establishes the central questions that will guide the subsequent examination of ancient and modern political thinkers: What distinguishes political leadership from domination? What qualities justify the exercise of political authority? And what is the relationship between political power and the common good?
Keywords
authority; power; political leadership; legitimacy; domination; coercion; persuasion; political obligation; obedience; sovereignty; auctoritas; potestas; imperium; political knowledge
Required readings
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Arendt, Hannah. "What Is Authority?" In Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought. 91-141. Viking Press, 1961
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Weber, Max. "The Three Types of Legitimate Rule." Translated by Hans Gerth. Berkeley Publications in Society and Institutions 4, no. 1 (1958): 1-11.
Complementary readings
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Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.
- Strauss, Leo. "What Is Political Philosophy?" In What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies. University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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Unit overview
This unit examines the nature and challenges of political leadership through the writings of Thucydides and Xenophon, focusing on the relationship between political judgment, power, justice, persuasion, and obedience.
In Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the contrasting figures of Pericles and Alcibiades provide an opportunity to investigate the relationship between individual leadership and democratic institutions. Particular attention is devoted to Pericles' capacity to guide public opinion, the importance of political foresight and practical judgment, and the dangers associated with personal ambition and the pursuit of political power.
The discussion also examines the Melian Dialogue, in which the confrontation between Athens and Melos raises fundamental questions about the relationship between power and justice, the limits of political persuasion, and the role of coercion in political relations. The Athenians' arguments concerning necessity, interest, and the unequal distribution of power provide a framework for investigating whether political authority can be reduced to superior force and whether considerations of justice retain their significance under conditions of extreme inequality.
The unit further considers the relationship between political speeches, political action, and the historian's understanding of political life. Students will have the opportunity to examine the tensions between political necessity, justice, and the claims of the political community.
The discussion subsequently turns to Xenophon's treatment of leadership as a practical art requiring knowledge, self-mastery, experience, and the ability to secure the willing cooperation of others. Through the Cyropaedia, Hiero, and Memorabilia, students examine the education of rulers, the relationship between leadership and voluntary obedience, and the distinction between kingship and tyranny.
By comparing Thucydides and Xenophon, the unit investigates whether successful political leadership depends primarily upon superior judgment, personal virtue, institutional authority, or the ability to inspire trust and obedience. It also considers the tension between leadership grounded in persuasion and political domination sustained by coercive power.
Keywords
political leadership; political judgment; Pericles; Alcibiades; Melian Dialogue; power and justice; political necessity; political realism; coercion; persuasion; voluntary obedience; Cyrus; kingship; tyranny; self-mastery
Required readings
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Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.35–65 (Pericles and political leadership).
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Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 5.84–116 (The Melian Dialogue).
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Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 6.15–18 (Alcibiades and political ambition).
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Xenophon. Cyropaedia, 1.1, 1.6, and 8.1.
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Xenophon. Hiero, 1–11.
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Xenophon. Memorabilia, 3.1–5.
Complementary readings
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Strauss, Leo. The City and Man. University of Chicago Press, 1964. Chapter III, "On Thucydides' War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians."
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Gray, Vivienne J. Xenophon's Mirror of Princes: Reading the Reflections. Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Ober, Josiah. Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule. Princeton University Press, 1998.
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Unit overview
This unit investigates the philosophical and institutional foundations of legitimate political authority through a comparative examination of Plato and Cicero. It focuses on the relationship between political knowledge, virtue, law, tradition, and the justification of political rule.
In Plato's Republic and Statesman, political leadership is examined in relation to the distinction between knowledge and opinion, the education of rulers, and the claim that genuine political authority requires an understanding of the common good. Particular attention is devoted to the philosopher-king, the relationship between philosophical wisdom and political power, and the tension between political expertise and the demands of political life. The discussion raises fundamental questions concerning whether superior knowledge provides a sufficient justification for political rule, whether philosophical wisdom can be reconciled with the practical requirements of governing, and to what extent political authority should be exercised through established laws and institutions.
The unit subsequently turns to Cicero's republican political thought, examining the relationship between political authority, constitutional order, and inherited tradition. Central to this discussion is the Roman concept of auctoritas, understood in relation to potestas, imperium, and the mos maiorum. Particular attention is devoted to the distinction between the possession of legally constituted power and the recognition of political authority grounded in experience, public service, institutional standing, and established customs.
Through Cicero's conception of the Roman Republic, students explore the distinctive role of senatorial authority and the relationship between personal virtue, practical judgment, public responsibility, and institutional legitimacy. The discussion also considers the importance of constitutional arrangements and inherited political traditions in preserving the stability and continuity of the political community.
The comparison between Plato and Cicero highlights two different, though not necessarily incompatible, approaches to the justification of political authority: the philosophical claim that legitimate rule requires superior knowledge and the republican emphasis on institutional continuity, practical judgment, and recognized political standing. By examining these approaches together, the unit invites students to consider whether political authority ultimately derives from the wisdom and virtue of those who govern, from the legitimacy of political institutions, or from the relationship between the two.
Keywords
political authority; political knowledge; knowledge and opinion; philosopher-king; political virtue; justice; common good; legitimate rule; philosophy and politics; political expertise; republicanism; auctoritas; potestas; imperium; mos maiorum; constitutional order; institutional legitimacy
Required readings
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Plato. Republic, Books V–VII, especially 473c–480a and 484a–487a.
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Plato. Statesman, 292e–303b.
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Cicero. De re publica, Books I–II.
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Cicero. De legibus, Book III, especially 3.28.
Complementary readings
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Atkins, Jed W. Cicero on Politics and the Limits of Reason: The Republic and Laws. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Bloom, Allan, trans. The Republic of Plato. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books, 1991. "Interpretive Essay."
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Strauss, Leo. The City and Man. University of Chicago Press, 1964. Chapter II, "On Plato's Republic."
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Unit overview
Presentation and critical analysis of the characteristics of a leader according to Machiavelli’s Il Principe.
Keywords
virtù; caso; fortuna
Required readings
- N. Machiavelli, The Prince: https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/machiavelli1532.pdf
Complementary readings
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Dietz, Mary G. “Trapping The Prince: Machiavelli and the Politics of Deception.” The American Political Science Review 80, no. 3 (1986): 777–799. https://doi.org/10.2307/1960538.
Unit overview
Presentation and critical analysis of the characteristics of a leader according to Machiavelli’s Discorsi.
Keywords
institutions; republicanism
Required readings
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N. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio https://identityhunters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/niccolo-machiavelli-discourses-of-livy.pdf
Complementary readings
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Jeffrey Edward Green. “Learning How Not to Be Good: A Plebeian Perspective.” The Good Society 20, no. 2 (2011): 184–202. https://doi.org/10.5325/goodsociety.20.2.0184.
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Unit overview
Presentation and critical analysis of the characteristics of a leader according to Machiavelli’s Mandragola.
Keywords
deception; virtù
Required readings
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N. Machiavelli, Il Mandragola, https://italian-renaissance-theatre.sydney.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Mandragola_Translation.pdf
Complementary readings
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Behuniak-Long, Susan. “The Significance of Lucrezia in Machiavelli’s ‘La Mandragola.’” The Review of Politics 51, no. 2 (1989): 264–80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1407406.
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Unit overview
This final unit examines the transformation of political authority in early modern political philosophy through the writings of Thomas Hobbes. Particular attention is devoted to Hobbes's engagement with classical political thought, especially his translation and interpretation of Thucydides, and to his distinctive account of sovereignty and political obligation.
The unit begins with Hobbes's conception of the state of nature, examining the relationship between natural equality, competition, fear, self-preservation, and the insecurity of human existence in the absence of a common political power. It considers the circumstances that make the establishment of political authority necessary and the conditions under which individuals can escape the insecurity of the natural condition.
The discussion subsequently investigates the social contract and the process of authorization through which individuals establish a sovereign representative capable of securing peace and political order. Central to this analysis is Hobbes's distinction between the author and the actor, as well as his understanding of political representation and the artificial unity of the commonwealth.
The unit also explores the relationship between sovereignty, obedience, and protection, considering the grounds and limits of political obligation and the distinctive character of sovereign authority.
Particular attention is devoted to Hobbes's engagement with classical political philosophy. His translation of Thucydides provides an opportunity to reconsider the relationship between political judgment, democracy, and the dangers of political conflict.
The unit also examines the interpretation of Hobbes as a founding figure of modern political liberalism, exploring how the primacy of individual self-preservation and natural rights can be reconciled with his defence of absolute and indivisible sovereignty, and whether this apparent tension reveals a fundamental paradox at the origins of liberal political thought.
Keywords
Thomas Hobbes; state of nature; natural equality; fear; self-preservation; social contract; authorization; representation; sovereignty; political obligation; obedience; political legitimacy; security; liberalism
Required readings
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Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, chapters 13–18 and 21.
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Hobbes, Thomas. "Of the Life and History of Thucydides." In Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, 1629.
Complementary readings
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Hobbes, Thomas. On the Citizen (De Cive), chapters 5–6.
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Strauss, Leo. The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis. Translated by Elsa M. Sinclair. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936.
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Skinner, Quentin. Hobbes and Republican Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Unit overview
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Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.
Unit overview
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Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.
Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.
Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.
Unit overview
Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum .Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum lorem ipsum.
Keywords
ethics; morality; good; evil; ethical stance; consequentialism; deontology; virtue ethics; metaethics; applied ethics; theoretical ethics; normative ethics
Required readings
- Driver, Julia. "Moral Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/moral-theory/.
Complementary readings
- Parry, Richard and Harald Thorsrud. "Ancient Ethical Theory." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition). Edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/ethics-ancient/.
- Savulescu, Julian, and Evangelos D. Protopapadakis. “'Ethical Minefields' and the Voice of Common Sense: A Discussion with Julian Savulescu." Conatus - Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2019): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19712.